Relationships between catch and effort in Fijian multispecies reef fisheries subject to different levels of exploitation

Abstract The catch-per-unit-effort (CPUE) and value-of-catch-per-unit-effort (VPUE) of reef-associated fish species from six Fijian native fishing grounds ( qoliqoli ) subject to different fishing intensities were determined using records of fishing activity from a voluntary logbook scheme. Line and spear fishing techniques were used for more than half the total fishing time (h person^-1 d^-1) in all qoliqoli , and yet the favoured technique in a given qoliqoli was frequently less efficient (lower CPUE) than other techniques. The popularity of relatively ineffective fishing methods implies that fishermen did not always attempt to maximize their catch rates. To compare fishing effort in different qoliqoli , all effort was rescaled on the basis of its recorded efficiency (measured as multispecies CPUE) and expressed as hours equivalent to boat-based spear fishing over coral by day to catch fish for sale. Total fishing intensity in the six qoliqoli ranged from 72 to 4310 h km^-2 reef year^-1. The relationship between catch and effort was linear at all fishing intensities, suggesting that the qoliqoli were all fished on a sustainable basis. Furthermore, whilst there was a significant difference in CPUE and VPUE between the one or two qoliqoli with lowest fishing intensity and all the others, there were no significant differences between these other qoliqoli in terms of the VPUE of the saleable multispecies boat catch or the CPUE of species from piscivorous and carnivorous genera ( Epinephelus, Lethrinus and Plectropomus ) which the fishermen prefer to catch.     

杧果抗冷害能力及腋花序再生力研究

以杧果为试材,在经历2008年春长时间低温寡照之后,对15个品种的抗冷害能力和花序再生力进行了调查分析。结果表明：供试品种均受严重冷害,顶生花芽（或花序）大部分干枯死亡,仅金煌杧的抵抗力稍强;供试品种均具有腋花序再生能力,但品种间存在较大差异,再生力强的品种有农院14号杧、台农1号杧、凯特杧、金穗杧、紫花杧、桂热杧120号、桂热杧82号,较强的有红象牙杧、吉尔杧、秋杧、桂香杧,中等的有红金煌杧、金煌杧,较差的为贵妃杧和爱文杧;再生花序数与再生花梢率呈正相关。     

急性热应激对山羊血液生化指标及血淋巴细胞热休克蛋白70家族基因表达的影响

旨在研究急性热应激对山羊抗氧化能力、免疫功能和血淋巴细胞热休克蛋白70(HSP70)家族基因表达的影响。本试验选取5只健康、体况接近的(12±0.5)月龄波尔山羊×关中奶山羊杂交F1母羊,饲养于环控舱内(温度维持20℃,相对湿度60%),适应5d。第6天利用环控舱对5只试验羊进行38℃急性热应激处理12h,采集热应激前(0h,20℃)和热应激后2、4、8和12h试验羊血样。分别利用比色法测定血清抗氧化指标(总抗氧化能力、超氧化物歧化酶、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性和丙二醛含量),ELISA法测定血清免疫指标(免疫球蛋白和细胞因子含量),实时荧光定量PCR法测定血淋巴细胞HSP70家族基因(HSPA1A、HSPA6和HSPA8)mRNA的表达量。结果显示:1)热应激时间对血清抗氧化指标有显著影响。与热应激前0h相比,血清T-AOC(P<0.05)、SOD(P<0.05)和GSH-Px(P<0.01)活性均在热应激8h后显著下降,MDA含量在热应激4h后显著增加(P<0.05)。2)热应激时间对血清免疫指标有显著影响。与热应激前0h相比,血清TNF-α、IL-1β、IFN-γ和IL-2含量分别在热应激4、8、8和4h后显著增加(P<0.05);IL-4(P<0.01)、IgG(P<0.01)、IgM(P<0.01)和IgA(P<0.05)含量分别在热应激12、4、4和4h后显著下降。3)热应激时间显著提高血淋巴细胞中HSP70家族基因(HSPA1A、HSPA6和HSPA8)的表达量。HSPA1AmRNA表达量呈先升高后下降的趋势,在热应激4h时达到峰值,各检测时间点均显著高于应激前水平(P<0.01);HSPA6mRNA表达量在热应激2h时显著升高(P<0.01),4h后恢复到应激前水平(P>0.05);HSPA8mRNA表达量在热应激4(P<0.05)、8(P<0.01)、12h(P<0.01)时显著高于应激前水平。在本试验条件下,38℃急性热应激能够抑制山羊的免疫和抗氧化功能;提高血淋巴细胞HSPA1A、HSPA6和HSPA8基因的表达量,其中HSPA1A对热应激温度和时间更敏感,可作为山羊热应激早期的分子标志物。     

The effect of Epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate on small intestinal morphology,antioxidant capacity and anti‐inflammatory effect in heat‐stressed broilers

This study was to investigate the effects of Epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate (EGCG) on intestinal morphology, antioxidant capacity and anti‐inflammatory response in heat‐stressed broiler. A total of 192 2‐week‐old Arbour Acres broilers chickens were divided into four groups with six replicates per group and eight chickens per replicate: one thermoneutral control group (28°C, group TN), which was fed the basal diet; and three cyclic high‐temperature groups (35°C from 7:00 to 19:00 hr; 28°C from 19:00 hr to 7:00 hr, heat stress group), which were fed the basal diet supplementation with EGCG 0 mg/kg (group HS0), 300 mg/kg (group HS300) and 600 mg/kg (group HS600). The gut morphology and intestinal mucosal oxidative stress indicators, as well as intestinal barrier‐related gene expression, were analysed. The results showed that compared with group TN, heat stress reduced the villus height (VH), activities of glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐Px), superoxide dismutase (SOD)and catalase (CAT), increased the crypt depth (CD) and malondialdehyde (MDA)content at 21, 28 and 35 days (p < 0.05). After the heat‐stressed broilers were supplemented with EGCG, VH, VH/CD (V/C), and the activities of GSH‐Px, SOD and CAT were increased, and CD and MDA content were reduced compared with those in group HS0 without EGCG supplementation at 21, 28 and 35 days (p < 0.05). The EGCG supplementation promoted the gene expression of nuclear factor‐erythroid 2‐related factor 2 (Nrf2), Claudin‐1, Mucin 2 (Muc2) and alleviated the nuclear factor‐kappa B (NF‐κB) and lipopolysaccharide‐induced tumour necrosis factor (LITAF) gene expression compared with group HS0 (p < 0.05). Moreover, intestinal morphology was strongly correlated with antioxidant ability and inflammatory response. In conclusion, EGCG alleviated the gut oxidative injury of heat‐stressed broilers by enhancing antioxidant capacity and inhibiting inflammatory response.     

菊苣酸对围产期放牧牦牛生长性能、血清生化指标及抗氧化能力的影响

试验旨在研究菊苣酸对放牧牦牛围产期生长性能、血清生化指标及抗氧化能力的影响。选择体况良好、体重接近(195～205kg)的围产期牦牛16头,随机分为2组,每组8头,对照组饲喂精料补充料+燕麦青干草,试验组饲喂精料补充料+燕麦青干草+0.15kg/d菊苣酸。试验期60d(从产前30d到产后30d),于产前第15天、产前第7天、分娩当天、产后第7天、产后第15天采集血液,进行相应指标的测定。结果显示:在产后第15天,试验组牦牛血清尿素氮(BUN)显著低于对照组(P<0.05);在分娩当天和产后第7天,试验组牦牛血清葡萄糖(GLU)含量、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性及总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)显著高于对照组(P<0.05),谷草转氨酶(AST)活性显著低于对照组(P<0.05);在分娩当天,试验组牦牛血清谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)活性显著高于对照组(P<0.05),血清丙二醛(MDA)含量显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。综合试验结果,添加菊苣酸能有效缓解围产期放牧牦牛氧化应激状态,提高其抗氧化能力。     

富维生素E转基因玉米对肉鸡生长性能、生化指标及抗氧化功能的影响

试验旨在研究富维生素E（VE）抗虫抗除草剂转基因玉米（富VE转基因玉米）对肉鸡生长性能、生化指标及抗氧化功能的影响,并与非转基因玉米添加外源DL-α-生育酚乙酸酯作用效果比较,对富VE转基因玉米营养有效性进行评价。选用360只1日龄罗斯308肉鸡公雏,随机分为3组,每组6个重复,每个重复20只,试验期42 d。普通玉米负对照组（负对照组,NC）日粮使用非转基因玉米配制不添加外源VE,1~21和22~42 d日粮VE水平分别为4.38和4.63 IU/kg;富VE转基因玉米组（富VE组,VER）使用富VE转基因玉米配制,1~21和22~42 d日粮VE水平分别为14.11和14.91 IU/kg;普通玉米正对照组（正对照组,PC）使用非转基因玉米配制并添加DL-α-生育酚乙酸酯添加剂,使其VE水平与富VE组一致。结果表明：①除1~21 d富VE组平均日采食量（ADFI）显著低于负对照组外（P<0.05）,其他生长性能各指标在各组间均无显著性差异（P>0.05）。② 21 d时,富VE组血清谷丙转氨酶（ALT）与正对照组相比无显著差异（P>0.05）,与负对照组相比显著降低（P<0.05）;肝脏甘油三酯（TG）含量低于负对照组但无显著性差异（P>0.05）,且两组均显著高于正对照组（P<0.05）;42 d时,富VE组肝脏TG含量与正对照组相比无显著性差异（P>0.05）,且两组均显著低于负对照组（P<0.05）。③与正对照组相比,富VE组21 d血清丙二醛（MDA）、过氧化氢（H₂O₂）、还原型谷胱甘肽（GSH）、氧化型谷胱甘肽（GSSG）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）和总抗氧化能力（T-AOC）以及42 d血清MDA、H₂O₂、GSH、SOD、CAT和T-AOC均无显著性差异（P>0.05）;与负对照组相比,富VE组21 d和42 d血清MDA和H₂O₂均显著降低（P<0.05）,21 d血清GSH、GSSG、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-Px）、SOD、CAT和T-AOC及42 d血清GSSG、GSH-Px、CAT和T-AOC均显著升高（P<0.05）。以上结果表明,同等VE水平条件下,富VE转基因玉米与非转基因玉米添加外源DL-α-生育酚乙酸酯添加剂对试验肉鸡生长性能、生化指标和抗氧化功能具有相似作用效果。     

杜仲皮水提物对虹鳟生长和肌肉品质、质构特性的影响

本试验旨在研究杜仲皮水提物对虹鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss)生长和肌肉品质、质构特性的影响。选取体质健康、平均体重(145.56±4.12) g的虹鳟450尾,随机分为5个组,每组3个重复,每个重复30尾。各组分别在基础饲料中添加浓度为0(对照组)、0.5%、1.0%、2.0%和4.0%的杜仲皮水提物。试验期为10周。结果表明:1)各组之间终末体重、增重率、成活率、特定生长率均无显著差异(P>0.05)。2)各组间肌肉pH45 min、pH24 h均无显著差异(P>0.05)。对照组肌肉pH下降率最高,且显著高于2.0%和4.0%组(P<0.05),0.5%和1.0%组显著高于4.0%组(P<0.05)。3)各组间肌肉离心失水率、冷冻渗出率均无显著差异(P>0.05),1.0%组肌肉滴水损失显著高于其他各组(P<0.05)。4) 4.0%组肌肉弹力和弹性显著高于对照组(P<0.05),4.0%组肌肉胶着性和咀嚼性显著高于1.0%组(P<0.05),4.0%组肌肉内聚性显著高于1.0%、2.0%和对照组(P<0.05)。5) 1.0%和4.0%组肌肉肌纤维直径显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。肌肉肌纤维密度随着杜仲皮水提物浓度的增加而增大,0.5%、1.0%、2.0%和4.0%组之间肌纤维密度无显著差异(P>0.05),但均显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。综合以上各项指标,建议饲料中添加浓度为4.0%杜仲皮水提物以改善虹鳟肌肉品质。     

Acute phase proteins and biomarkers of oxidative status in feline spontaneous malignant mammary tumours

Acute phase proteins (APP) and biomarkers of oxidative status change in human and canine mammary tumours, however, they have not been studied in feline mammary tumours. The aims of this study were to investigate the APP and antioxidant responses in feline malignant mammary tumours, to evaluate their relation with tumour features, and to assess their prognostic value. Serum amyloid A (SAA), haptoglobin (Hp), albumin, butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), insulin‐like growth factor1 (IGF1), paraoxonase1 (PON1), total serum thiols (Thiol), glutathione peroxidase (GPox) and total antioxidant capacity determined by different assays, including trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity assessed by two different methodologies (TEAC1/2), ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP), and cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC), were determined in serum of 50 queens with spontaneous mammary carcinomas and of 12 healthy female cats. At diagnosis, diseased queens presented significantly higher SAA and Hp, and lower albumin, BChE, GPox, TEAC1, TEAC2 and CUPRAC than controls. Different tumour features influenced concentrations of APP and antioxidants. Increases in serum Hp, and decreases in albumin, Thiol and FRAP were significantly associated with neoplastic vascular emboli, metastasis in regional lymph nodes and/or in distant organs. Distant metastasis development during the course of the disease was associated with increases in SAA and TEAC1. At diagnosis, decreased albumin was associated with a longer survival, and BChE <1.15 μmoL/mL.minute was associated with a shorter survival time on multivariate analysis. Feline malignant mammary tumours are associated with an APP response and oxidative stress, and different tumour features influence the inflammatory response and the oxidative damage. Furthermore, some of these analytes proved to have prognostic value.     

退化亚高山草甸恢复过程中地上生物量和适宜载畜量分析

2012—2018年,以香格里拉退化亚高山草甸为研究对象对其实施连续封育,测定和分析恢复演替过程中植被地上生物量和植物学组成及其变化趋势,并运用中度干扰假说判断试验区退化草地的适宜封育年限和适宜载畜量。结果表明:与退化区相比较,封育第1年、第2年和第5年均显著提高了草地地上生物量,封育期间草地地上生物量呈现幂函数型增长趋势;草地的抵抗力和恢复力分别为518.8g/m^2和56.3个月;封育第5年草地中不可饲用植物(包含有毒有害植物)仍然占到29.2%,适宜载畜量2.81~3.37个羊单位/hm^2。该试验表明封育结合其他措施,将有利于更加有效地改善草地质量和提高草地生产力。     

不同水平的卤虫幼虫冻干粉对黄颡鱼生产性能及抗氧化能力指标的影响

为探讨饲粮中添加不同水平的卤虫幼虫冻干粉对黄颡鱼生产性能及抗氧化能力指标的影响,采用单因素设计试验,将1200尾体质量为8.0 g黄颡鱼随机分为4组,每个组3个重复,每个重复100尾,1组为空白对照组饲喂基础饵料,2、3、4组为试验组在基础饵料中分别添加卤虫幼虫冻干粉100、150、200 mg/kg,试验期为42 d,试验结束测定黄颡鱼生产性能和血清中抗氧化能力指标。结果表明:(1)试验3、4组的增重率和特定生长率较1组分别提高9.46%、8.73%、8.11%、7.43%(P < 0.05),试验2、3、4组存活率均高于1组(P > 0.05);试验3、4组的饵料系数较1组分别降低16.45%、14.29%(P < 0.05);(2)试验3、4组血清中总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)和总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)的活性较1组分别提高23.65%、20.95%、11.26%、11.05%(P < 0.05),试验2、3、4组血清中过氧化氢酶(CAT)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)的活力均高于1组(P > 0.05);试验3、4组血清中丙二醛(MDA)的含量较1组分别降低23.76%、21.29%(P < 0.05)。综上,在饲料中添加150 mg/kg卤虫幼虫冻干粉可提高黄颡鱼生产性能和抗氧化能力。